What Fuel Do Sprinters Rely Heavily on for Exercise?

Anaerobic System

Sprinting uses the anaerobic energy system, which doesn't require oxygen to make energy -- instead of the aerobic system which uses oxygen to make energy. Because short-distance sprinting usually lasts less than 10 seconds, there isn't enough time for your body to use oxygen to tap into your fat storage for energy. Instead, your body uses one anaerobic system called the phosphagen system for immediate energy source. ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, is an energy-rich molecule that is stored in all cells, and a typical supply lasts no more than 10 seconds during a high-intensity bout of exercise, says Dr. Jason Karp, contributing writer for the "IDEA Fitness Journal." Once this supply is gone, your body taps into your carbohydrate storage in your muscles for more ATP.

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Long-distance sprinting, like the 200- to 400-yard dash, requires your body to break down carbohydrates once the existing ATP in your muscles are used. Between 30 seconds to two minutes, glycogen in your muscles -- which is a form of stored carbs in your body -- are released into your bloodstream in the form of glucose and is delivered to all your cells in your body, especially your nervous system. This allows muscles to continue to work without getting cramps and getting too fatigued. Therefore, too little carbohydrates in your body can slow you down and slows your recovery.

EPOC: The Afterburn

The recovery period is just as important as the exercise period where your body regenerates ATP. This is where you experience the deep breathing and quick rise in body temperature as you catch your breath. This event is called EPOC, or excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, where your body increases your metabolism and respiration to restore your body to its resting state, says Dr. Len Kravitz of the University of New Mexico. Even though your body uses very little or no fat during sprinting, fat is needed as the main fuel source to make more ATP and to deliver oxygen to cells.

Food Recommendations

Sprinters need a high-carb diet to perform and to have a high storage amount of glycogen in their liver and muscles. However, these foods should be unrefined, complex carbohydrates that are full of vitamins and minerals, such as starchy vegetables, fruits, whole-grains and green leafy veggies, recommends the Australian Institute of Sport. Keep sugary refined foods to a minimum as well as high-fat foods, like bacon and butter. There is no magic number to determine the amount of calories, carbohydrates and protein each person needs. Everyone has a different body and fitness level that influence their metabolism -- genetics, lifestyle, cardiovascular health and training experience play a big role. Consult with a sports dietitian to find out what works best for you to maximize your sprinting ability.